Understanding Azure Outbound Internet and Load Balancer

Jeff Miles Leave a comment

I deepened my understanding of Azure outbound Internet connections today. I’ve been working on setting up an outbound proxy using Squid, and just struggling with connectivity. I want my outbound proxy to be highly available, so I thought, “I’ll put it into a Load Balancer, and I want the Standard SKU”. As soon as I did this, my proxy stopped working.

I banged my head against that problem for an hour or two, and then came back to it another day, read the docs, and had a breakthrough in understanding.

Setup

Here’s the resource layout I’m working with:

I have a bunch of servers in a subnet. They use WPAD dns resolution to direct Internet traffic to the Private IP address of a load balancer, sitting in a different subnet.

Two Linux VMs in an availability set are the back-end of my load balancer. I use an inbound rule for port 3128 to receive the proxy traffic.

The outbound line to the Internet is what I assumed would happen: I’ve read through “Outbound Connections in Azure” a few times and thought I had a handle on what would occur.

The Problem

It didn’t work! As soon as I put my Squid VMs into the load balancer, they stopped being able to proxy traffic. So I thought, “lets put it in a Basic load balancer, it’d be cheaper anyway”. And that worked! At this time I didn’t really understand what was going on, and knew I needed to come back to it after some sleep.

The Discovery

Lets take a closer look at the Microsoft Doc I just linked above. There are 3 outbound scenarios it describes:

  1. VM with an Instance Level Public IP address (with or without Load Balancer)
    1. Not my scenario – I don’t have Public IP address attached to my Squid VMs
  2. Public Load Balancer associated with a VM (no Public IP address on the instance)
    1. Not my scenario – I’m using an Internal load balancer, not a Public one.
  3. Standalone VM (no Load Balancer, no Public IP address)
    1. This is what I thought the behavior would default to – use a dynamic public IP from Azure pool and SNAT outbound traffic

In the detail of Scenario 3, the first sentence says “In this scenario, the VM is not part of a public Load Balancer pool (and not part of an internal Standard Load Balancer pool) and does not have a Public IP address assigned to it.”

Well, I am part of an Internal Standard Load Balancer pool; where does that leave me?

The blue box just below makes it very clear:

Scenario #3 is NOT a fail-back option when using an Internal load balancer of Standard SKU.

Later on in the document, this is made more explicit:

"When using an internal Standard Load Balancer, outbound NAT is not available until outbound connectivity has been explicitly declared."

Scenario #3 IS the fail-back option when using an Internal Basic load balancer, which I think was the source of my assumption. This is why I can get Internet connectivity when I place my Squid VM into the back-end of a basic load balancer. The major downside of this is I cannot control the IP address my proxy communicates outbound on, which is a firm requirement for me.

 

I verified this problem and scenario #1 resolution: from my VM I used a ‘wget’ command while operating under my original design – it timed out:

Then I added a public IP address to one VM, and performed the same test:

The Solution

As the doc describes, there are a few solutions although at the time of this writing it is missing one.

  • add Public IP to each VM
  • add a public load balancer, create outbound rules, and add the squid as backend to it
  • add NAT gateway to the subnet

add Public IP to each VM

I can create a public IP address for each VM and associate it.

This will give me static IP addresses, but I have to do it for each VM in the back-end.

Each static Standard IP is 0.005/hour ($3.65 USD/mo).

Lets say I am transferring 100GB/mo outbound between the two VMs. Bandwidth is 95 GB (first 5 GB free) at $0.087/GB so $8.265 USD / mo.

Total cost = $15.565 USD / month

add a public load balancer, create outbound rules, and add the squid as backend to it

Turns out you can have the same VMs be back-ends to BOTH a public and an internal Standard load balancer at the same time.

This gives some flexibility, because now you can scale out in the backend, as long as you pay attention to the scaling guidelines from Microsoft and avoid SNAT port exhaustion.

You can apply only an Outbound rule (you must apply this) so that it acts only as outbound load balancer, and not in-bound.

Single public IP cost of $3.65 USD/mo still applies.

Standard Load Balancer with a small number of rules (first 5 are free) processing 100GB of traffic is $18.75 USD/mo.

We still need to pay the bandwidth charge since we have traffic egress to Internet: $8.265 USD / mo

Total cost: $27.015 USD / month

add NAT gateway to the subnet

A new feature of Azure that recently went GA is NAT Gateway (or Virtual Network NAT). This provides outbound connectivity for an entire subnet, rather than at a VM level.

Important to note, a NAT Gateway CANNOT be linked to a subnet that contains any Basic IP addresses, or Basic load balancers.

This simplifies beyond the outbound public load balancer; you can still attach to a public IP address, but do not need to manage individual outbound rules and backend pools.

If there are other resources in the subnet, they too can take advantage of the NAT Gateway and a static public IP address.

Single public IP cost of $3.65 USD/mo still applies.

It doesn’t seem like the NAT Gateway is integrated into the Pricing Calculator yet, but the Docs page has a section on Pricing:

  • Resource hours $0.045/hour * 730 = $32.85 USD / mo
  • Data processed $0.045/GB * 100GB = $4.5 USD / mo

We still need to pay the bandwidth charge since we have traffic egress to Internet: $8.265 USD / mo

Total cost: $49.265 USD / month

 

Azure Pipeline for Automation Runbooks

Jeff Miles 1 Comment

Azure Automation runbooks are very useful – particularly for scheduled or repeated operations. One downside I have observed is that they are very often disconnected from proper version control.

Microsoft has a solution for this: source control integration

You can connect a GitHub/Azure Repo to an Automation Account, which uses resources like RunAs accounts, personal access tokens (from your repo), and automation jobs to perform the sync.

I began evaluating this for the purposes of importing, publishing, and scheduling some runbooks, however there were two key reasons I felt a different direction was better suited:

  1. Flexibility – I could only sync a folder named “runbooks”, and only import and publish them. What if I only wanted a certain selection of runbooks? What if I wanted to segregate runbooks between different Automation Accounts? What if I wanted to manage my schedule definition as code too? Sure there are solutions to these problems, but then they become workarounds or addons to the source control integration.
  2. Consistency – other areas of ensuring version controlled code is released to some environment typically use continuous deployment tools; why would I treat my runbooks any different? If I’m already going to be using Azure DevOps pipelines for these areas, I want to keep that consistency going.

There are a few different ways that runbook management could be accomplished in an Azure DevOps pipeline: Azure PowerShell, ARM templates, Azure CLI.

For simplicity and speed of development, I chose to use Azure PowerShell, combined within a YAML pipeline definition.

My use-case here is taking my Update Management scripts and making them run automatically on a schedule. Based on that, I have the following structure in my repository:

GitHub link for code

PowerShell (Folder)
    Update Management (Folder)
        azure-pipelines.yaml
 	Set-UpdateManagementSchedule.ps1
 	Get-AzCachedAccessToken.ps1
 	New-UpdateManagementSchedule.ps1
        Publish-AARunbookFromDevOps.ps1
    New-EmailDelivery.ps1

Set-UpdateManagementSchedule.ps1 defines some time zones, and then iterates over them calling New-UpdateManagementSchedule.ps1 for each. At the end, it uses New-EmailDelivery.ps1 to send results by email.

New-UpdateManagementSchedule.ps1 calls Get-AzCachedAccessToken.ps1 in order to use an existing Az PowerShell context to create a bearer token and authenticate against Azure REST API with it (where I’m using Update Management endpoints).

Publish-AARunbookFromDevOps.ps1 is my script that gets called within the DevOps pipeline, to import and publish the runbooks to the automation account.

I want Set-UpdateManagementSchedule.ps1 to run once per month, because it calculates the appropriate timing of Update Management schedules. I don’t want any of the other scripts to have a schedule at all, since they’re just referenced at some point in time.

In order to make this all happen, I created a DevOps pipeline, stored within the “azure-pipelines.yaml” file.

The concept of storing the pipeline as code within YAML is very advantageous, however difficult to simply write from scratch. Often I will create a dummy pipeline in the GUI, using the Task Assistant (see below) and Azure DevOps task docs in order to understand the syntax and components of what I’m trying to achieve.

I can then take that YAML that has been progressively built, store it in my repository, and create a fresh pipeline and import using it.

In this case, my pipeline starts with a trigger definition, for which I learned and utilized path-based rules that Azure Repo supports:

trigger:
  branches:
    include:
    - master
  paths:
    include:
    - PowerShell/UpdateManagement/*

This will ensure the pipeline only triggers when a runbook within the UpdateManagement folder is modified, rather than my whole repository.

Using the AzurePowerShell task, I can trust that authentication to Azure will be handled appropriately as long as I supply a service connection (shown as the “azureSubscription” property below).

- task: AzurePowerShell@5
  inputs:
    azureSubscription: 'automation-rg' #This is the devops service connection name
    ErrorActionPreference: 'Stop'
    FailOnStandardError: true
    ScriptType: 'FilePath'
    ScriptPath: './PowerShell/UpdateManagement/Publish-AARunbookFromDevOps.ps1'
    ScriptArguments:
      -runbookname Get-AzCachedAccessToken `
      -runbookfile ./PowerShell/UpdateManagement/Get-AzCachedAccessToken.ps1 #`
      #-scheduleName $(userPassword)
    azurePowerShellVersion: 'LatestVersion'
  displayName: Deploy AA Runbook - Get-AzCachedAccessToken

For each Runbook that I want to handle in my pipeline, I’m calling the “Publish-AARunbookFromDevOps.ps1” script and supplying arguments related to that specific runbook. I wanted to break it out this way to give me the most flexibility to handle runbooks independently.

This script that is called is fairly static right now; I’m making a bunch of hard-coded assumptions such as “we will always overwrite the runbook if it exists rather than comparison checking”, and “every import needs a publish”, and “only 1 kind of schedule is going to be used”.

Limiting the schedule to my hard-coded values reduced the time-to-deploy this in my environment, because I didn’t have a need right now for further manipulation. This idea is related to “YAGNI” or “You aren’t going to need it” that I recently read about from Martin Fowler.

When the pipeline runs, it performs all it’s tasks in about 3:30 minutes

I can see that it has created a Schedule in my automation account, and linked it to the runbook:

Check out the README.md from the GitHub repo for details on re-using this code for yourself.

 

Terraform AzureRM provider 2.0 upgrade

Jeff Miles Leave a comment

Today I needed to upgrade a set of Terraform configuration to the AzureRM 2.0 provider (technically 2.9.0 as of this writing). My need is primarily to get some bug fixes regarding Application Gateway and SSL certificates, but I knew I’d need to move sooner or later as any new resources and properties are being developed on this new major version.

This post will outline my experience and some issues I faced; they’ll be very specific to my set of configuration but the process may be helpful for others.

To start, I made sure I had the following:

  • A solid source-control version that I could roll back to
  • A snapshot of my state file (sitting in an Azure storage account)

Then, within my ‘terraform’ block where I specify the backend and required versions, I updated the value for my provider version:

terraform {
  backend "azurerm" {
  }
  required_version = "~> 0.12.16"
  required_providers {
    azurerm = "~> 2.9.0"
  }
}

Next, I ran the ‘terraform init’ command with the upgrade switch; plus some other parameters at command line because my backend is in Azure Storage:

terraform init `
    -backend-config="storage_account_name=$storage_account" `
    -backend-config="container_name=$containerName" `
    -backend-config="access_key=$accountKey" `
    -backend-config="key=prod.terraform.tfstate" `
    -upgrade

Since my required_providers property specified AzureRm at 2.9.0, the upgrade took place:


Now I could run a “terraform validate” and expect to get some syntax errors. I could have combed through the full upgrade guide and preemptively modified my code, but I found relying upon validate to call out file names and line numbers easier.

Below are some of the things I found I needed to change – had to run “terraform validate” multiple times to catch all the items:

Add a “features” property to the provider:

provider "azurerm" {
  subscription_id = var.subscription
  client_id       = "service principal id"
  client_secret   = "service principal secret"
  tenant_id       = "tenant id"
  features {}
}

Remove “network_security_group_id” references from subnets
Modify “address_prefix” to “address_prefixes on subnet, with values as a list

Virtual Machine Extension drops “resource_group”, “location”, and “virtual_machine_name” properties
Virtual Machine Extension requires “virtual_machine_id” property

Storage Account no longer has “enable_advanced_threat_protection” property
Storage Container no longer has “resource_group_name” property

Finally, the resources for Azure Backup VM policy and protection have been renamed – this is outlined in the upgrade guide (direct link).

It was this last one that caused the most problems. Before I had replaced it, my “terraform validate” was crashing on a fatal panic:

Looking in the crash.log, I eventually found an error on line 2572:

2020/05/13 20:30:55 [ERROR] AttachSchemaTransformer: No resource schema available for azurerm_recovery_services_protected_vm.rsv-protect-rapid7console

This reminded me of the resource change in the upgrade guide and I modified it.

Now, “terraform validate” is successful, yay!


Not so fast though – my next move of “terraform plan” failed:

Error: no schema available for azurerm_recovery_services_protected_vm.rsv-protect-rapid7console while reading state; this is a bug in Terraform and should be reported

I knew this was because there was still a reference in my state file, so my first thought was to try a “terraform state mv” command, to update the reference:

 
terraform state mv old_resource_type.resource_name new_resource_type.resource_name
terraform state mv azurerm_recovery_services_protection_policy_vm.ccsharedeus-mgmt-backuppolicy azurerm_backup_policy_vm.ccsharedeus-mgmt-backuppolicy

Of course, it was too much to hope that would work; it error-ed out:

Cannot move
azurerm_recovery_services_protection_policy_vm.ccsharedeus-mgmt-backuppolicy
to azurerm_backup_policy_vm.ccsharedeus-mgmt-backuppolicy: resource types
don't match.

I couldn’t find anything else online about converting a pre-existing terraform state to the 2.0 provider with resources changing like this. And from past experience I knew that Azure Backup didn’t like deleting and re-creating VM protection and policies, so I didn’t want to try a “terraform taint” on the resource.

I decided to take a risk and modify my state file directly (confirmed my snapshot!!)

Connecting to my blob storage container, I downloaded a copy of the state file, and replaced all references of the old resource type with the new resource type.

After replacing the text, I uploaded my modified file back to the blob container, and re-ran “terraform plan”.

This worked! The plan ran successfully, and showed no further changes required in my infrastructure.

Install Visio volume license alongside Office 365

Jeff Miles 8 Comments

At my company we get a certain number of seats of Visio volume license from our Microsoft Partner benefits, but it is not a subscription product and the volume key cannot be simply entered to activate Visio, because our Office 365 is installed as O365ProPlusRetail.

Here I’ll describe how to install the Visio volume license product side-by-side with our standard installation of Office 365, which is a supported scenario according to this Microsoft doc.

At first I had problems where installing the product “VisioPro2019Volume” would downgrade my O365 build to the 1808 version. I posted a comment on this Microsoft Docs issue because it seemed related, and received a very helpful reply from Martin with another Microsoft Docs page describing how to build lean and dynamic install packages for O365. This was the key to configuring my XML file for proper side-by-side installation.

I also used the super helpful Office Customization Tool in support of figuring this out.

Procedure

    1. Download the Office Deployment Tool
    2. Install the tool to a folder on your workstation. Create a new XML file named “newvisio.xml” to look like this (update the PIDKEY value)
<Configuration ID="6659a04f-037d-4f23-b8a2-64c851090a5e">
  <Add Version="MatchInstalled">
    <Product ID="VisioPro2019Volume" PIDKEY="insert Key">
      <Language ID="MatchInstalled" TargetProduct="O365ProPlusRetail" />
    </Product>
  </Add>
</Configuration>
  1. Note: You can get the Key from the Partner portal (go into MPN ? Benefits ? Software) and enter it into your xml file
  2. If you have Visio installed already as part of O365, you will need to remove it:
      1. Create yourself a configuration xml file named removevisio.xml:
    <Configuration ID="ba49a53d-04c0-44a6-b591-c099d9c4e6ed">
  <Remove OfficeClientEdition="64" Channel="Monthly">
    <Product ID="VisioProRetail">
      <Language ID="en-us" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Access" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Excel" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Groove" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Lync" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="OneDrive" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="OneNote" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Outlook" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="PowerPoint" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Publisher" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Teams" />
      <ExcludeApp ID="Word" />
    </Product>
  </Remove>
  <Display Level="Full" AcceptEULA="TRUE" />
</Configuration>
    1. Place this file where the deployment tool was downloaded, and then run it:
    2. setup /configure removevisio.xml
    3. The uninstall will proceed. You’ll see an image like this; don’t be alarmed its not removing all of office if you set your XML properly
  3. Once the previous version uninstall is complete, install with this command:
  4. setup /configure newvisio.xml
  5. Now you should have Office 365 on subscription, but Visio on Volume License.

Build Azure Storage Fuse 1.2 from source

Jeff Miles Leave a comment

I’ve been looking to test out Azure Storage Fuse on a linux VM (Oracle Linux 7), and wanted to evaluate the authentication options to Azure.

Reading through the main README page, it describes “Managed Identity auth: (Only available for 1.2.0 or above)”, however the Releases has only been built up to 1.1.1.

The Wiki page on installation describes a method to build from source, so I thought I’d give that a shot.

Following the instructions, I hit an error when starting the build:

Unable to find the requested Boost libraries
 Could not find the following static Boost libraries:

          boost_filesystem
          boost_system

  No Boost libraries were found.  You may need to set BOOST_LIBRARYDIR to the
  directory containing Boost libraries or BOOST_ROOT to the location of
  Boost.

 

I confirmed that I had Boost installed from yum (1.53) in /usr/include/boost.

I first looked at the Issue list within the repository on GitHub, and found exactly what I needed! Issue #319 was reported with the same error, and the suggestion from richardharrison was effective for me:

In the file CMakeLists.txt
There are 2 lines of the format
set(Boost_USE_STATIC_LIBS ON)
simply change them to
set(Boost_USE_STATIC_LIBS OFF)

I modifed the CMakeLists.txt file on line #134 and #222, and changed the values and then re-ran ./build.sh

This produced a 23MB file: azure-storage-fuse-master/build/blobfuse

I did a quick test to validate that my build was working:

mkdir /mnt/blobfusetmp
mkdir /mnt/blobfuse
export AZURE_STORAGE_ACCOUNT=myaccountname
export AZURE_STORAGE_ACCESS_KEY=myaccesskey
 
./blobfuse /mnt/blobfuse --tmp-path=/mnt/blobfusetmp -o attr_timeout=240 -o entry_timeout=240 -o negative_timeout=120 --container-name=fuse --log-level=LOG_DEBUG --file-cache-timeout-in-seconds=120

A file within my container is now visible within my mount point!

 

Off to play with Managed Identity!